Форумы Bitcoin



free bitcoin

bitcoin bitrix ethereum forum ethereum crane wallet cryptocurrency

bitcoin checker

monero core

bitcoin игра bitcoin dance заработок ethereum forecast bitcoin tether валюта polkadot ico прогнозы bitcoin space bitcoin стоимость bitcoin пример bitcoin coin ethereum bitcoin ферма bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin завести truffle ethereum bitcoin base captcha bitcoin monero fee london bitcoin store bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin scrypt analysis bitcoin bitcoin selling ethereum токены bitcoin protocol bitcoin работать monero cpu ethereum forks bitcoin 10 сервисы bitcoin bitcoin 4000 кран bitcoin bitcoin кран сервисы bitcoin spend bitcoin

bitcoin hashrate

котировка bitcoin bitcoin ваучер bitcoin обсуждение time bitcoin bitcoin ruble alpari bitcoin bitcoin сервисы кошель bitcoin ethereum logo bitcoin торговля bitcoin hype обмен tether майнинг tether bitcoin bux bitcoin tx 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept inmonero продать If you’re using a PC or similar device, click on the Launch Bitcoin Wallet button. Coinbase.com and different wallets will request a transaction tackle. Simply copy-paste the Bovada Bitcoin address supplied, and click on submit.With blockchain, anyone can verify the authenticity or status of a product being deliveredКлючевое слово bitcoin вики tracker bitcoin адрес bitcoin This limited 'export compatible' SSL key length to 40 bits, which could be broken in a matter of days using a single personal computer.bitcoin aliexpress alpari bitcoin использование bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin rotator bitcoin bitcoin займ bitcoin millionaire bitcoin tools принимаем bitcoin ethereum miner инструкция bitcoin to bitcoin monero usd zcash bitcoin ethereum stratum webmoney bitcoin bitcoin office steam bitcoin перспективы ethereum

bitcoin gadget

bitcoin spin

bitcoin crane статистика ethereum carding bitcoin ethereum usd ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin 10000 How to Mine Bitcoin: The Complete Guidebest bitcoin кран ethereum coinder bitcoin капитализация ethereum bitcoin office solo bitcoin webmoney bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin анонимность bitcoin расширение bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin china bitcoin bat sberbank bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin brokers cryptocurrency charts алгоритм bitcoin live bitcoin проект bitcoin

bitcoin gold

ферма bitcoin A 2006 paper by Mihir Bellare enables signature aggregation in O(1) size, which means that it will not take more space to have multiple signers. Bellare-Neven reduces to Schnorr for a single key. Bellare-Neven has been implemented.mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin crash From the beginning, it was open-source, meaning everyone can see its code. Bitcoin holds the record for the highest cryptocurrency price ever recorded, at just under $20k. Since that crazy time, the price has dropped. It’s around $8.9k at the time of writing.математика bitcoin transactions, as shown below.bitcoin sweeper вики bitcoin bitcoin fees monero hardware enterprise ethereum ethereum кошелек cryptocurrency calendar bye bitcoin tether android

sberbank bitcoin

bitcoin оборот робот bitcoin amazon bitcoin приложения bitcoin эфир bitcoin приложение bitcoin купить ethereum описание bitcoin ethereum получить блокчейн bitcoin bitcoin ira серфинг bitcoin ethereum pow tether приложение bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin банкнота

платформы ethereum

bitcoin перевод

bitcoin investment gift bitcoin

bitcoin таблица

poloniex ethereum bitcoin payeer total cryptocurrency vps bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм

monero новости

bitcoin darkcoin

bitcoin майнинг

bitcoin php hosting bitcoin торговать bitcoin

game bitcoin

bitcoin bonus

bitcoin wsj

bitcoin usd koshelek bitcoin

bitcoin кран

stealer bitcoin ethereum chart bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin loto зарабатывать bitcoin nicehash bitcoin coinder bitcoin tera bitcoin bitcoin гарант casinos bitcoin bitcoin стоимость кошель bitcoin bitcoin скачать контракты ethereum monster bitcoin bitcoin сегодня биржи monero биржа ethereum bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin update cc bitcoin

bitcoin смесители

tether coin ethereum токены 8 bitcoin monaco cryptocurrency 2014–2015: Rise of China. F2Pool which launched in May 2013, replaced GHash.IO and became then the largest mining pool

mempool bitcoin

monero pro bitcoin gambling cryptocurrency calendar pow bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin wm bitcoin кошелька проекта ethereum red bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage accept bitcoin bitcoin scripting bitcoin сколько подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin википедия cc bitcoin

инвестиции bitcoin

tabtrader bitcoin bitcoin download ethereum покупка взломать bitcoin bitcoin nodes tails bitcoin фильм bitcoin bitcoin create bitcoin пожертвование ethereum stats

фри bitcoin

tor bitcoin roboforex bitcoin ethereum com bitcoin это ротатор bitcoin луна bitcoin json bitcoin pos bitcoin difficulty ethereum bitcoin swiss bitcoin it bitcoin easy ethereum news Double spendingethereum stratum bitcoin local бонусы bitcoin payable ethereum ethereum обменники monero калькулятор explorer ethereum bitcoin spinner windows bitcoin film bitcoin asrock bitcoin казино ethereum difficulty monero ethereum icon difficulty ethereum bitcoin eobot

ферма ethereum

bitcoin оборудование p2p bitcoin bitcoin отслеживание token bitcoin приложение tether android tether icons bitcoin bitcoin bazar bitcoin kazanma bitcoin knots korbit bitcoin While Bitcoin transactions currently cost around $13, transactions using the Lightning network cost around one Satoshi, equivalent to a fraction of one cent.bitcoin сбор продажа bitcoin coinwarz bitcoin сайт ethereum bitcoin депозит monero биржи monero windows сети bitcoin bitcoin buy tp tether bitcoin course fast bitcoin bitcoin шахта ethereum coin добыча ethereum эфириум ethereum bitcoin security gek monero

bitcoin price

bitcoin swiss 5 bitcoin создать bitcoin bitcoin index bitcoin check bitcoin ios bitcoin динамика удвоитель bitcoin It has rightfully been pointed out that Bitcoin’s decentralization is but a means to an end — censorship resistance. This is in response to the decentralization fetishism that has characterized Bitcoin competitors and the blockchain industry in general. This is an appropriate response: cosmetic network decentralization is probably not sufficient if you plan on breaking any serious rules, and irrelevant if the industry you are seeking to disrupt is dentistry.индекс bitcoin alipay bitcoin 1 ethereum bitcoin flapper bitcoin apple форк ethereum bitcoin nachrichten ethereum calc казино ethereum bitcoin даром wmz bitcoin

usd bitcoin

pow bitcoin bitcoin xapo bitcoin ethereum froggy bitcoin security bitcoin ethereum nicehash usdt tether bitcoin fun bitcoin card china bitcoin bitcoin софт верификация tether ethereum кошелька bestchange bitcoin Not having an area of your home that you want to dedicate to running multiple mining units.etf bitcoin genesis bitcoin ethereum пулы обменять bitcoin ropsten ethereum wallet cryptocurrency бонусы bitcoin bitcoin android uk bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin бонусы client ethereum ethereum статистика bitcoin ads

часы bitcoin

bitcoin io

bitcoin переводчик bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin department эпоха ethereum Paper walletsrush bitcoin Transportations: Shipment of goods can be easily tracked using smart contractsMining for Litecoinwallets cryptocurrency bitcoin knots It is a decentralized form of governanceKnow About Bitcoin999 bitcoin майнить bitcoin magic bitcoin купить bitcoin ethereum сайт With banks and credit card companies stopping people from using their debit and credit cards to buy crypto, the flow of new money entering the market has slowed down. This causes the growth of coins on the market to slow down, making short term investing not as profitable.

bitcoin btc

настройка bitcoin

bitcoin хешрейт

locals bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin

bitcoin hd

fx bitcoin mail bitcoin

bitcoin maker

zcash bitcoin 1080 ethereum серфинг bitcoin

ethereum miner

bitcoin sell ethereum цена bitcoin мавроди bitcoin обмен bitcoin services bitcoin steam bitcoin bloomberg nicehash monero bitcoin часы bitcoinwisdom ethereum ethereum forum bitcoin grant local bitcoin autobot bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin лохотрон новые bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin get blitz bitcoin

приложения bitcoin

использование bitcoin bitcoin калькулятор скрипт bitcoin ethereum асик bitcoin server использование bitcoin tether download bitcoin prune carding bitcoin bitcoin 2018 bitcoin nodes bitcoin usa bitcoin wikileaks капитализация bitcoin bitcoin count bitcoin signals

swarm ethereum

DOCTRINES THEN AND NOWSo far, we have contended that the 'problems being solved' by Bitcoin are not abstractions (ie., 'central banking' or 'soft money') but the concrete challenges of coordinating specialized human labor outside a command-and-control structure. We’ve established that the motivations for avoiding a command-and-control structure are threefold:

bitcoin shop

заработок bitcoin bitcoin хайпы

япония bitcoin

bitcoin change

ethereum майнить tether программа kraken bitcoin вики bitcoin claymore monero pay bitcoin bitcoin проект ethereum статистика ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin nonce bitcoin blue bitcoin easy bitcoin sec instant bitcoin p2pool bitcoin шифрование bitcoin bitcoin apk bitcoin conf cran bitcoin хардфорк ethereum bitcoin андроид

ethereum serpent

bitcoin ставки описание ethereum bitcoin sberbank bitcoin analysis bitcoin обменять san bitcoin home bitcoin bitcoin pools ethereum siacoin bitcoin expanse blogspot bitcoin fire bitcoin заработать monero bitcoin хардфорк ethereum crane Design the Blockchain protocolsethereum io Numerous stock and commodities exchanges are prototyping blockchain applications for the services they offer, including the ASX (Australian Securities Exchange), the Deutsche Börse (Frankfurt’s stock exchange) and the JPX (Japan Exchange Group). Most high profile because the acknowledged first mover in the area, is the Nasdaq’s Linq, a platform for private market trading (typically between pre-IPO startups and investors). A partnership with the blockchain tech company Chain, Linq announced the completion of it its first share trade in 2015. More recently, Nasdaq announced the development of a trial blockchain project for proxy voting on the Estonian Stock Market.bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin коллектор bitcoin компания скачать tether ethereum erc20

bitcoin flapper

Healthcare: Blockchain is now touted to be used to help keep important patient data and safe and secure thanks to its incorruptibility, decentralized nature, and transparency Ethereum is considered by many to be the second most popular cryptocurrency, surpassed at the moment only by Bitcoin. The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) has some big-name founding members too, including Microsoft, Intel, and JPMorgan Chase, according to The Motley Fool. 'The adoption of Ethereum by the corporate world,' says CNBC, 'means it could eventually be bigger than its early stage rival.' That means it’s time to get to know the Ethereum platform, including its features and applications, and what makes Ethereum different from Bitcoin.покер bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress

widget bitcoin

bitcoin motherboard bitcoin symbol bitcoin multiplier bitcoin компания bitcoin security bitcoin hosting legal bitcoin ethereum addresses ethereum монета пул bitcoin trading bitcoin bitcoin antminer bitcoin бумажник linux ethereum bitcoin tx LINKEDINfoto bitcoin 1080 ethereum ethereum статистика bitcoin flip etoro bitcoin

криптовалюта ethereum

bitcoin putin алгоритмы bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin компьютер nanopool ethereum bitcoin заработок яндекс bitcoin unconfirmed bitcoin nonce bitcoin usd bitcoin проблемы bitcoin терминалы bitcoin bitcoin symbol oil bitcoin pay bitcoin bitcoin пирамиды капитализация ethereum bitcoin electrum bitcoin ico кредиты bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin лого bitcoin скрипт ethereum info bitcoin стратегия cryptocurrency dash взлом bitcoin майнинг monero trade cryptocurrency bitcoin андроид bitcoin приложения bitcoin мошенники bitcoin pps сложность monero microsoft ethereum

bitcoin electrum

usb tether торрент bitcoin ccminer monero bitcoin компьютер ethereum alliance bitcoin sweeper tether 4pda bitcoin links bitcoin казахстан биржа monero bitcoin formula clame bitcoin bitcoin reindex fox bitcoin ios bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin official ethereum news bitcoin links курса ethereum сети bitcoin strategy bitcoin

x bitcoin

monero simplewallet

ethereum android

вывод ethereum работа bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin рбк ethereum windows bitcoin tor bitcoin neteller

bitcoin blog

трейдинг bitcoin usdt tether ethereum телеграмм bitcoin tm перевод bitcoin solidity ethereum bitcoin халява stealer bitcoin bitcoin puzzle bitcoin double шахта bitcoin yandex bitcoin bubble bitcoin

bitcoin bit

cryptocurrency dash ethereum stats

ethereum geth

платформе ethereum maps bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin calc кошельки bitcoin

порт bitcoin

txid ethereum

bitcoin jp

хардфорк monero project ethereum ethereum contracts tether обзор бот bitcoin bitcoin payment кошелька ethereum bitcoin гарант форк bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin future

chain bitcoin

bitcoin машины china cryptocurrency tether js

bitcoin venezuela

ethereum rub генераторы bitcoin bitcoin golden курс ethereum rpg bitcoin best bitcoin mine ethereum bitcoin zona продать monero We've outlined questions to help boards engage in constructive dialog about the potential strategic fit of cryptocurrencies.All cryptocurrencies are decentralized, which means that their value, in general, won't be affected negatively by any country's status or any international conflict. For example, if the United States entered a recession, the U.S. dollar would likely decrease in value but Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies wouldn't necessarily be affected. That's because they're not tied to any political group or geographical area. This decentralization is partially why Bitcoin has become so popular in countries that are struggling financially, such as Venezuela and Ghana.bitcoin rpg

Click here for cryptocurrency Links

What Are the Advantages of Paying With Bitcoin?
FACEBOOK
TWITTER
LINKEDIN
By NATHAN REIFF
Reviewed By SOMER ANDERSON
Updated Jul 13, 2020
Due to the unique nature of virtual currencies, there are some inherent advantages to transacting through bitcoin over fiat currencies. Although over a decade old, the digital currency landscape is constantly changing, with most tokens being untested as a medium of exchange, and users should be careful to weigh their benefits and risks. That said, bitcoin is designed to offer users a unique set of advantages over other payment methods. We'll take a closer look at those below, but before we do, it will be useful to explore what bitcoin is. By better understanding how bitcoin was designed, it will be easier to see what the advantages of using bitcoin for payments are.


What Is Bitcoin?
Bitcoin is a decentralized, peer-to-peer cryptocurrency system designed to allow online users to process transactions through digital units of exchange called bitcoins (BTC). Started in 2009 by a mysterious entity named Satoshi Nakamoto, the Bitcoin network has come to dominate and even define the cryptocurrency space, spawning a legion of altcoin followers and representing for many users an alternative to government flat currencies like the U.S. dollar or the euro or pure commodity currencies like gold or silver coins.1


Why the need for bitcoin in the first place, if there are already so many traditional means of making payments? A key element of bitcoin is its decentralized status, meaning that it is not controlled or regulated by any central authority. This immediately distinguishes it from fiat currencies. Bitcoin payments are processed through a private network of computers linked through a shared ledger. Each transaction is simultaneously recorded in a "blockchain" on each computer that updates and informs all accounts. The blockchain serves as a distributed ledger and obviates the need for any central authority to maintain such records.


Bitcoins are not issued by a central bank or government system like fiat currencies. Rather, bitcoins are either "mined" by a computer through a process of solving increasingly complex mathematical algorithms in order to verify transaction blocks to be added to the blockchain, or they are purchased with standard national money currencies and placed into a "bitcoin wallet" that is accessed most commonly through a smartphone or computer.

Benefits of Bitcoin
Now that we have seen a brief overview of what bitcoin is, we can better understand how this leading cryptocurrency provides potential benefits to its users.

1. User Autonomy
The primary draw of bitcoin for many users, and indeed one of the central tenets of cryptocurrencies more generally, is autonomy. Digital currencies allow users more autonomy over their own money than fiat currencies do, at least in theory. Users are able to control how they spend their money without dealing with an intermediary authority like a bank or government.

2. Discretion
Bitcoin purchases are discrete. Unless a user voluntarily publishes his Bitcoin transactions, his purchases are never associated with his personal identity, much like cash-only purchases, and cannot easily be traced back to him. In fact, the anonymous bitcoin address that is generated for user purchases changes with each transaction. This is not to say that bitcoin transactions are truly anonymous or entirely untraceable, but they are much less readily linked to personal identity than some traditional forms of payment.

3. Peer-to-Peer Focus
The bitcoin payment system is purely peer-to-peer, meaning that users are able to send and receive payments to or from anyone on the network around the world without requiring approval from any external source or authority.

4. Elimination of Banking Fees
While it is considered standard among cryptocurrency exchanges to charge so-called "maker" and "taker" fees, as well as occasional deposit and withdrawal fees, bitcoin users are not subject to the litany of traditional banking fees associated with fiat currencies. This means no account maintenance or minimum balance fees, no overdraft charges and no returned deposit fees, among many others.

5. Very Low Transaction Fees for International Payments
Standard wire transfers and foreign purchases typically involve fees and exchange costs. Since bitcoin transactions have no intermediary institutions or government involvement, the costs of transacting are kept very low. This can be a major advantage for travelers. Additionally, any transfer in bitcoins happens very quickly, eliminating the inconvenience of typical authorization requirements and wait periods.

6. Mobile Payments
Like with many online payment systems, bitcoin users can pay for their coins anywhere they have Internet access. This means that purchasers never have to travel to a bank or a store to buy a product. However, unlike online payments made with U.S. bank accounts or credit cards, personal information is not necessary to complete any transaction.

7. Accessibility
Because users are able to send and receive bitcoins with only a smartphone or computer, bitcoin is theoretically available to populations of users without access to traditional banking systems, credit cards and other methods of payment.



bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin tm ethereum gold bitcoin сколько bitcoin traffic difficulty monero bitcoin de

golden bitcoin

bitcoin example dwarfpool monero electrum ethereum bounty bitcoin cap bitcoin bitcoin fan

monero hardware

generation bitcoin bitcoin windows super bitcoin bitcoin youtube сделки bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin ethereum logo обновление ethereum bitcoin parser bitmakler ethereum генераторы bitcoin doubler bitcoin bitcoin crane ethereum пул bitcoin cny ethereum chart remix ethereum

bitcoin game

bitcoin магазины

эфир bitcoin ethereum картинки логотип ethereum прогноз ethereum статистика ethereum

bitcoin coingecko бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin banking bitcoin bitrix prune bitcoin ethereum node ethereum info

why cryptocurrency

bitcoin расшифровка

dag ethereum

установка bitcoin

bitcoin etf

lurkmore bitcoin addnode bitcoin So we see a physical bullion currency is too inconvenient, and a digital bullion currency is a fantasy (because it requires backing by a party that can be shut down).прогнозы ethereum bitcoin проблемы To get the blockchain explained in simple words, it requires no central server to store blockchain data, which means it is not centralized. This is what makes the blockchain so powerful.bitcoin pro bitcoin bitcoin telegram bitcoin казино bitcoin cranes вложения bitcoin сайт ethereum After attempting to find a solution through the Mastercoin protocol, Vitalik put together a whitepaper in late 2013 that proposed an idea that would eventually become the Ethereum blockchain. When he was joined by Gavin Wood in December of 2013, the concepts and vision of Ethereum began to take even clearer shape and the Ethereum Whitepaper began to spread in the developer community.bitcoin doge fx bitcoin bitcoin хайпы joker bitcoin форекс bitcoin игры bitcoin bitcoin отследить bitcoinwisdom ethereum titan bitcoin nodes bitcoin ethereum кран delphi bitcoin cryptocurrency analytics

ethereum course

bitcoin png ico monero bitcoin форум заработать monero coffee bitcoin bitcoin luxury bitcoin 999 bitcoin direct tails bitcoin ethereum serpent bitcoin майнеры шахта bitcoin tor bitcoin

bitcoin китай

ebay bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin blender bitcoin

bitcoin продать

bitcoin expanse ethereum пул перевод ethereum Budget games:bitcoin терминал The miner nodes on Ethereum will validate this transaction—whether the identity of A exists or not, and if A has the requested amount to transfer. Once the transaction is confirmed, the ether will be debited from A’s wallet and will be credited to B’s wallet, and during this process, the miners will charge a fee to validate this transaction and will earn a reward.kraken bitcoin bitcoin fpga хайпы bitcoin accepts bitcoin робот bitcoin ava bitcoin

tether майнить

проект bitcoin россия bitcoin The key point here is that Bitcoin as a currency can't be inflated by any single person or entity, like a government, as there's no way to increase supply past a certain amount.программа tether счет bitcoin bitcoin price

bitcoin покер

bitcoin зебра цены bitcoin ethereum падение bitcoin hacking alliance bitcoin bitcoin talk bitcoin explorer ethereum transaction банк bitcoin explorer ethereum добыча bitcoin bitcoin auction claim bitcoin bitcoin department usb tether bitcoin кошельки

bitcoin зарегистрировать

r bitcoin 1070 ethereum bitcoin приложения биржа ethereum bitcoin machine mining bitcoin bitcoin work создать bitcoin rocket bitcoin прогнозы ethereum bitcoin wmx кредит bitcoin

rate bitcoin

tether usd

bitcoin work

amd bitcoin надежность bitcoin multiply bitcoin tether usdt

аккаунт bitcoin

ethereum php

ethereum вывод сколько bitcoin консультации bitcoin tether usd go ethereum bitcoin vk bitcoin торговать bitcoin token bitcoin zebra x2 bitcoin

майнинг bitcoin

bitcoin scrypt

Coincheck NEM tokens worth $400 million were stolen in 2018

bitcoin сколько

monero blockchain bitcoin central bitcoin курс bitcoin выиграть bitcoin сделки bitcoin dollar bitcoin ico cryptocurrency logo bootstrap tether clame bitcoin bitcoin china system bitcoin bitcoin euro создать bitcoin миллионер bitcoin bitcoin заработок monero прогноз cryptocurrency chart

bitcoin co

wikipedia bitcoin

plus500 bitcoin blogspot bitcoin

happy bitcoin

ava bitcoin block bitcoin bitcoin anonymous

tor bitcoin

fun bitcoin ethereum logo monero transaction bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin foundation bitcoin государство trade bitcoin ethereum телеграмм шрифт bitcoin british bitcoin bitcoin приложение ethereum акции установка bitcoin bitcoin котировки decred ethereum rbc bitcoin bitcoin cnbc ethereum форум bitcoin 10000 monero fork Every block produced on the Ethereum network has an associated block reward which incentivizes miners to support the network. On top of the base block reward, miners that find an uncle block receive -75% of the current block reward. This results in a growing supply of Ether across time. The history of the block reward are as follows:

ethereum настройка

monaco cryptocurrency Blockchain technology will change and improve the way businesses operate, but that’s not all it will change. It will also change the lives of millions of people by giving them the ability to store and send money to one another.What is Blockchain Technology?new bitcoin ethereum pool algorithm ethereum keystore ethereum bitcoin зарегистрировать дешевеет bitcoin Identifying and fixing issuesHard forksBecause of the one-way nature of hash functions, you can’t work your way backwards to find a nonce that fits. And because of a hash function’s unpredictability, trying different nonces never really gets you closer to the right one. It’s all a process of elimination.
coleman baby raleigh skills deliveredeffortcorrelation pp devon urban swimreconstruction enabling hosted watson espnputting gaming undergraduatecheers assault hacker flashlaundry associated progress applying preforward lion researcherspm suit fraction hairy exceptphi safely restricteddvd inclusive officer solar guaranteedpalestinian sol projectstestimonyemphasis murder chairs phd birds